Understanding Tumours in the Mouth and Throat: A Guide for Adults

Why early awareness matters?

Mouth and throat tumours can significantly impact speaking, swallowing, and breathing. While some are benign (non-cancerous), others may be malignant (cancerous) and require prompt medical attention.

Early detection is key. Identifying symptoms early and seeking medical advice improves the chances of successful treatment and recovery.

What are mouth and throat tumours?

A tumour is an abnormal growth of cells that can develop in various areas of the mouth (oral cavity) and throat (pharynx or larynx), including:

• The tongue
• The gums and jaw
• The tonsils
• The soft palate
• The back of the throat (pharynx)
• The voice box (larynx)

Types of tumours in the mouth and throat:

• Benign tumours in the mouth are non-cancerous growths that usually don’t spread but can still cause discomfort or affect normal functions.
• Cancerous tumours in the mouth can spread to nearby tissues and may require more aggressive treatment.

Recognising symptoms of tumours in the mouth and throat

Symptoms may vary depending on the location and type of tumour. Common signs to watch for include:

• A persistent sore throat that doesn’t improve
• Lumps or swelling in the mouth, throat, or neck
• Difficulty swallowing or a feeling of something stuck in the throat
• Voice changes such as hoarseness
• Unexplained mouth ulcers or sores that don’t heal
• Bleeding or numbness in the mouth or throat
• Unexplained ear pain (especially if persistent)
• White or red patches inside the mouth
• Unexplained weight loss or fatigue

If you experience these symptoms for more than a few weeks, consult a healthcare professional.

Causes and risk factors

The exact cause of tumours in the throat or mouth isn’t always clear, but several factors can increase your risk.

Potential causes and risk factors:

• Tobacco use (smoking or chewing)
• Heavy alcohol consumption
• Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection
• Poor oral hygiene
• Chronic irritation from ill-fitting dentures or rough teeth
• Weakened immune system
• Family history of head and neck cancers

Diagnosis: When to see a specialist

If you notice persistent symptoms or changes in your mouth or throat, seek medical advice promptly.

Diagnostic process:

• Physical examination: Your doctor will check your mouth, throat, and neck for abnormal growths.
• Imaging tests: CT scans, MRIs, or PET scans may be used to assess the size and location of the tumour.
• Biopsy: A small tissue sample may be taken for laboratory testing to determine if the tumour is benign or cancerous.

Treatment options for mouth and throat tumours

Treatment options depend on whether the tumour is benign or malignant, as well as its size and location.

Common treatment methods:

• Surgical removal: Often the primary treatment for benign tumours or smaller cancerous tumours.
• Radiation therapy: Used to target and destroy cancer cells, often combined with surgery.
• Chemotherapy: May be recommended for larger or aggressive tumours.

Your healthcare provider will tailor the treatment plan to minimize side effects and support your overall well-being.

Recovery and aftercare

Recovery varies depending on the treatment method and the tumour’s complexity.

Post-treatment care may include:

• Managing swelling, pain, or discomfort during recovery
• Following dietary adjustments to improve swallowing
• Attending speech therapy if speech is affected
• Regular follow-ups to monitor for potential recurrence

Additional imaging, such as CT or PET scans, may be recommended if further assessment is required.

Reducing your risk of mouth and throat tumours

While not all tumours are preventable, there are steps you can take to reduce your risk:

• Quit smoking and avoid tobacco products
• Limit alcohol consumption
• Practice good oral hygiene by brushing and flossing regularly
• Attend regular dental check-ups for early detection of mouth abnormalities
• Consider HPV vaccination if recommended by your healthcare provider